稳产国Ⅵ柴油并兼产喷气燃料技术方案的工业应用

介绍了浙江石油化工有限公司新建的3 Mt/a柴油加氢精制装置，其配套使用中国石化石油化工科学研究院有限公司开发的催化剂级配技术，并实施了可根据原料供应及市场产品需求情况灵活调整切换的2种生产技术方案。1 a的安稳生产运行结果表明:该装置以直馏柴油为主原料，通过分馏塔的馏分切割及其侧线抽出，实现了稳产国Ⅵ柴油并兼产喷气燃料技术方案的工业化应用；在实施以兼产喷气燃料为主的生产技术方案时，通过调整常一线柴油的掺炼量，不仅可以生产含硫量小于10.0 μg/g的精制柴油产品，同时兼产所得到的喷气燃料产品含硫量小于0.5 μg/g，赛波特颜色号值大于30；在实施主产精制柴油组分方案时，通过掺炼质量分数为20%~40%的催化柴油，并使所提炼得到的精制柴油组分含硫量小于6.0 μg/g的前提下，这些精制柴油组分产品既可直接作为满足国Ⅵ柴油产品出厂待售，也可作为柴油调和组分储存待用于产品的进一步优化。     

Short communication: In vitro rumen gas production and starch degradation of starch-based feeds depend on mean particle size

Our objective was to model the effect of mean particle size (mPS) on in vitro rumen starch degradation (IVSD) and the kinetics of gas production for different starch-based feeds. For each feed, 2 batches of the same grains were separately processed through 2 different mills (cutter or rotor speed mills), with or without different screens to achieve a wide range of mPS (0.32 to 3.31 mm for corn meals; 0.19 to 2.81 mm for barley meals; 0.16 to 2.13 mm for wheat meals; 0.28 to 2.32 mm for oat meals; 0.21 to 2.36 mm for rye meals; 0.40 to 1.79 for sorghum meals; 0.26 to 4.71 mm for pea meals; and 0.25 to 4.53 mm for faba meals). The IVSD data and gas production kinetics, obtained by fitting to a single-pool exponential model, were analyzed using a completely randomized design, in which the main tested effect was mPS (n = 6 for all tested meals, except n = 7 for corn meals and n = 5 for sorghum meals). Rumen inocula were collected from 2 fistulated Holstein dairy cows that were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 16.2% crude protein, 28.5% starch, and 35.0% neutral detergent fiber on a dry matter basis. The IVSD, evaluated after 7 h of rumen incubation, decreased linearly with increasing mPS for corn, barley, wheat, rye, pea, and faba meals, and decreased quadratically with increasing mPS for the other meals. The y-axis intercept for 7-h IVSD was below 90% starch for corn, barley, and rye feeds and greater than 90% for the other tested feeds. The mPS adjustment factors for the rate of rumen starch degradation varied widely among the different tested feeds. We found a linear decrease in starch degradation with increasing mPS for barley, wheat, rye, and pea meals, whereas we noted a quadratic decrease in starch degradation for the other tested meals. Further, we observed a linear decrease in the rate of gas production with increasing mPS in each tested feed, except for pea meal, which had a quadratic relationship. For each 1 mm increase in mPS, the gas production was adjusted by ?0.009 h^?1 for corn, ?0.011 h^?1 for barley, ?0.008 h^?1 for wheat, and ?0.006 h^?1 for faba, whereas numerically greater adjustments were needed for oat (?0.022 h^?1), rye (?0.017 h^?1), and sorghum (?0.014 h^?1). These mPS adjustment factors could be used to modify the starch-based feed energy values as a function of mean particle size, although in vivo validation is required.     

Cyanogenic,carotenoids and protein composition in leaves and roots across seven diverse population found in the world cassava germplasm collection at CIAT,Colombia

The objective of this study was to characterise the nutritional potential of leaves and identify a diversity centre with low cyanide and high nutrient content among 178 Latin American cassava genotypes. This field-based collection represents the seven diversity centres, held at The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT Palmira, Colombia) by the Cassava Program. The cyanide, all-trans-β-carotene and lutein concentrations in cassava leaves ranged from 346 to 7484 ppm dry basis (db), from 174–547 μg g⁻¹ db and 15–181 μg g⁻¹ db, respectively. Cassava leaves also showed significant levels of essential amino acids leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine and threonine, and average total protein content of 26.24 g 100 g⁻¹ db. Among seven diversity centres, South American rainforest group showed low cyanide and high carotene content in leaves. In addition, VEN77 and PAN51 genotypes stood out for having low cyanide in leaves and roots and high carotene in leaves. This genetic diversity can be used to select high potential progenitors for breeding purposes.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定硅质、铝质、镁质和铬质耐火材料中15种组分

硅质、铝质、镁质和铬质耐火材料中MgO、Na₂O、Fe₂O₃、MnO、Cr₂O₃、TiO₂、P₂O₅、SiO₂、CaO、K₂O、Al₂O₃等组分含量的分析,一般采用EDTA滴定法、分光光度法、原子吸收光谱法测定,操作繁琐,耗时长;而使用X射线荧光光谱法分析时,4种基体的耐火材料需要采用不同的熔融方法和校准曲线。为了将4种基体的耐火材料统一制样方法,并使用同一组校准曲线同时测定MgO、ZrO₂、Na₂O、ZnO、NiO、Fe₂O₃、MnO、Cr₂O₃、V₂O₅、TiO₂、P₂O₅、SiO₂、CaO、K₂O、Al₂O₃等主次组分,实验选用3套国外耐火材料标准样品,并对熔融温度、时间、稀释比等熔融制样条件进行优化;通过峰位及强度扫描确定各元素电压、电流、准直器等条件,达到灵敏度与分辨率最佳,通过扫描PHA确定脉冲宽度,提高准确度。理论α系数校正元素间吸收增强效应,用比例法计算校正谱线重叠,优化校准曲线,提高分析方法准确度。各组分校准曲线线性相关系数R²在0.9940~0.9999之间。按照实验方法熔融JRRM507、JRRM803、JRRM129 3个标准样品,进行方法精密度和熔片精密度试验,结果表明重复性均能达到GB/T 21114—2007要求。按照实验方法选择镁铬矿、高岭土、铝土矿3类标准物质进行正确度验证,VS P14/3、UNS KK、ZBK394标准物质中MgO、ZrO₂、Na₂O、ZnO、NiO、Fe₂O₃、MnO、Cr₂O₃、V₂O₅、TiO₂、P₂O₅、SiO₂、CaO、K₂O、Al₂O₃等主次组分的测定结果与认定值相吻合。     

Crowding as an Agronomic Factor Determining the Development of Plants and the Productivity of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

ABSTRACT

Nine sowing densities of linseed were compared in a two-year experiment. Self-regulation of the density of a linseed stand resulted in a differentiated branching of the plants. The number of capsules on a linseed shoot, as well as seeds in the capsule, and the number of seeds from the shoot were highly varied from year to year, and there is even a stronger differentiation in the weight of 1000 seeds. Linear relationships were noted between the mass of seeds from the linseed plant and the number of capsules. The yield of linseed was affected by both factors. An increasing sowing rate reduced the seed yield from the shoot and the plant. At lower seeding rates, the lateral shoots contributed in the seeds yield of the plant to a higher degree compared to the main ones.     

Dynamic response of ferrofluidic deformable mirrors using elastomer membrane and overdrive techniques

The experimental results obtained with a ferrofluidic deformable mirror controlled by electro-magnet actuators are presented here. Using a step input through a single actuator, we obtained a steady-state settling time of 100?ms; however, different combinations of overdrive inputs can be used to decrease it to 25?ms. A new technique which consists of laying down an elastomer membrane, coated with an aluminum film, on the ferrofluid is also discussed. By adding the membrane on the ferrofluid, it further decreases the time response by a factor of 2. Furthermore, the thin aluminum layer improves the reflectivity of the mirror. Finally, using the membrane and the overdrive techniques combined, the time response is improved by a factor of 20. Numerical simulations show that ferrofluidic mirrors using membranes and improved electronics should reach settling times of the order of a millisecond. Presumably, even lower settling times could be possible.     

不同水分工夫红茶贮藏过程中主要内含成分及感官品质变化研究

目的研究不同水分工夫红茶贮藏品质变化规律,为工夫红茶贮藏的适宜水分条件提供理论参考。方法系统比较不同水分工夫红茶(国家标准范围内)在自然贮藏条件下其主要内含成分及感官品质的变化。结果 1年贮藏期内,初始水分含量越低,含水率增长速度越快,总体上,茶叶初始水分含量高低决定贮藏过程中水分的高低。在短期贮藏(≤6月)时含水量越高的红茶中茶多酚、水浸出物保留量越多;长期贮藏(6月)时水分较低的红茶中茶多酚、水浸出物保留量越多。咖啡碱、可溶性糖在短期贮藏(≤6月)中水分含量适中的红茶中下降速度越慢;长期贮藏(6月)含水量较高的保留量越高。氨基酸含量在含水量越低的红茶中越高。初始水分含量高的红茶L*、a*、b*值均稍高于水分低的红茶。结论从综合品质的变化来看,本实验中以处理3含水率为5.93%的处理最好,处理2含水率为4.1%次之,处理1含水率为2.33%最差。     

煤化工烟道气毒性成分对Chlorella pyrenoidosa生长和细胞成分的影响

探究煤化工烟道气中毒性成分对微藻的影响是利用微藻固定煤化工烟道气CO₂实现减排的关键。本文利用不同浓度的NaHS、Na₂SO₃和NH₃·H₂O培养Chlorella pyrenoidosa（C. pyrenoidosa），以探究煤化工烟道气主要毒性成分H₂S、SO₂和NH₃气体水溶物的毒性。实验结果表明：NaHS、Na₂SO₃和NH₃·H₂O浓度分别低于1mmol/(L·d)、40mmol/(L·d)和7mmol/(L·d)时对C. pyrenoidosa生长无抑制作用，而且Na₂SO₃[＜40mmol/(L·d)]会显著促进 C. pyrenoidosa的生长；NaHS 添加4mmol/(L·d)时会在生长初期抑制C. pyrenoidosa的生长，NH₃·H₂O添加35mmol/(L·d)则会直接造成藻细胞的破碎死亡。与对照组相比，NaHS和Na₂SO₃浓度分别低于1mmol/(L·d)、10mmol/(L·d)时对C. pyrenoidosa的细胞成分无影响；NaHS添加4mmol/(L·d)使藻蛋白含量提高7.13%；Na₂SO₃添加40mmol/(L·d)使藻蛋白降低13.45%，总糖含量提高42.90%；NH₃·H₂O的添加会使藻蛋白含量降低，总糖含量提高。微藻生物质整体蛋白质含量较高，可作为蛋白饲料来源。研究结果表明，C. pyrenoidosa对煤化工烟道气中的主要毒性气体有较好的耐受性，利用煤化工烟道气培养微藻具有可行性。     

一种大型复杂构件加工新模式及新装备探讨

大型复杂构件是航空航天、能源、船舶等领域装备的核心结构件，此类构件通常具有尺寸大、形状复杂、刚性弱等特点。传统“分体离线加工-在线检测”模式存在工艺不稳定、过程复杂、柔性差、周期长等问题，以龙门式多轴数控机床加工为代表的“包容式”加工模式，难以适应大型复杂构件的高效高质量加工制造需求。提出一种基于移动式和吸附式机器人的多机协同原位加工新模式，通过多机器人系统自主寻位、精确定位加工与加工质量原位检测，实现大型复杂构件多安装面并行铣削、制孔与打磨等作业。多机器人系统包括移动式混联机器人、吸附式并联机器人、移动式串联铣削机器人、移动式双臂加工机器人和移动式打磨机器人。构建多机协同原位加工模式，需要揭示多机器人协同原位加工行为与大型弱刚性结构件质量控制的交互机理，面临着本体、测量、工艺和集成四个方面的挑战，需要设计高灵活、高刚度的移动式和吸附式加工机器人，解决移动机器人自主准确寻位和超大结构件原位高精检测难题，攻克加工变形误差在线补偿和振动抑制技术，通过集成实现多机协同高效高精加工，为大型复杂构件的高效高质量制造提供创新技术及装备，并实现此类构件制造核心技术及装备自主可控。